Owen R. Fonorow, Orthopath (Orthomolecular Naturopath) If you suffer from an acute deficiency of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) and other nutrients, your body stops producing collagen. Vitamin C and A1c relationship in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2006. Acta Ophthalmol. 1999;281(24):2289-2293. If you are not getting enough Vitamin C to produce collagen for tissue repair, when your arteries become injured they cannot heal properly. 2012;37(12):2706-2714. Linus Pauling's specific therapy for cardiovascular and heart diseases are high dosages of two essential nutrients; vitamin C and the amino acid lysine . (PubMed), 184. Weinstein M, Babyn P, Zlotkin S. An orange a day keeps the doctor away: scurvy in the year 2000. Linus Pauling Institute Dawson EB, Evans DR, Harris WA, Teter MC, McGanity WJ. Arlt S, Muller-Thomsen T, Beisiegel U, Kontush A. Oregon State University, Updated in December 2004 by: As shown in Table 3, different fruit and vegetables vary in their vitamin C content, but five servings (2 cup-equivalents) of a variety of fruit and vegetables should average out to about 150 to 200 mg of vitamin C, especially if vitamin C-rich fruits are consumed. 2014(10):Cd010156. 17. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. PDF THE COLLAGEN CONNECTION - LINUS PAULING - Vitamin C Vitamin C and the Common Cold. Vitamin C is also a cofactor in numerous enzymatic reactions involved in the making of collagen, L-carnitine, and several neurotransmitters, and in the regulation of gene expression. Although CSF vitamin C is maintained at concentrations several-fold higher than plasma vitamin C, the precise function of vitamin C in cognitive function and AD etiology is not yet fully understood (102). (PubMed), 81. (PubMed), 52. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Alexander J. Michels, Ph.D. Symptoms of vitamin C deficiency, such as poor wound healing and lethargy, likely result from the impairment of these vitamin C-dependent enzymatic reactions leading to the insufficient synthesis of collagen, carnitine, and catecholamines (see Deficiency). One small placebo-controlled, cross-over trial in 11 men showed that the oral administration of 4 g of vitamin C resulted in a greater vitamin C concentration in plasma over a four-hour period when vitamin C was encapsulated in liposomes compared to unencapsulated vitamin C (190). (PubMed), 19. Three Arterial Cleansing Regimens - Knowledge of Health Hendler SS, Rorvik DM. Years later, Dr. Linus Pauling, two-time Nobel Prize winner, is ignored for reporting that large amounts of vitamin C and lysine are needed to prevent coronary attacks. (PubMed), 186. (PubMed), 131. Podmore ID, Griffiths HR, Herbert KE, Mistry N, Mistry P, Lunec J. Vitamin C exhibits pro-oxidant properties. The significance of the CSF-to-plasma vitamin C ratio in AD progression requires further study. Dietary carotenoids and vitamins A, C, and E and risk of breast cancer. Tsugane S, Sasazuki S. Diet and the risk of gastric cancer: review of epidemiological evidence. (PubMed), 109. A recent randomized controlled trial assessed the effect of vitamin C and vitamin E administration on reperfusion damage in patients who experienced acute myocardial infarction and underwent coronary angioplasty (see below) (132). However, a reduction in blood vitamin C concentrations with these drugs has not been reported in humans (200). (PubMed), 83. (PubMed), 93. JAMA Intern Med. 2006;8 Suppl 1:S2. (PubMed), 161. McEvoy CT, Milner KF, Scherman AJ, et al. (PubMed), 87. Periprocedural myocardial injury that occurs in up to one-third of patients undergoing otherwise uncomplicated angioplasty increases the risk of morbidity and mortality at follow-up. SVCT-2 in breast cancer acts as an indicator for L-ascorbate treatment. 2013;65(6):1636-1642. Vitamin C intake and serum uric acid concentration in men. Potentiation of in vitro and in vivo lymphocyte responses. Whether any increase in oxalate levels would translate to an elevation in risk for kidney stones has been examined in several epidemiological studies. (PubMed), 84. 'Dr. Pauling Therapy' For Heart Disease - Linus Pauling/Rath Heart Early symptoms of scurvy like fatigue may result from diminished levels of carnitine, which is needed to derive energy from fat, or from decreased synthesis of the catecholamine norepinephrine (see Function). (PubMed), 90. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy causes intrauterine growth restriction and preterm birth, among other pregnancy complications (90, 91), and is the primary cause of childhood respiratory illness (92). (PubMed), 183. Vitamin C intake, circulating vitamin C and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Vitamin C is known to function as a highly effective antioxidant in living organisms. Collagen is the most abundant protein in the body. However, antioxidant supplementation resulted in reduced risks of placental abruption and preterm birth in women who smoked during pregnancy but not in non-smokers (94). Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014:416-426. Prenatal vitamin C and E supplementation in smokers is associated with reduced placental abruption and preterm birth: a secondary analysis. 2016;6(2):243-250. Basili S, Tanzilli G, Mangieri E, et al. J Am Heart Assoc. Int J Cancer. Originally written in 2000 by: Curhan GC, Willett WC, Speizer FE, Stampfer MJ. In developing his recommendations, he used cross-species comparisons, evolutionary arguments, the concept of biochemical individuality, and the amount of vitamin C likely consumed in a raw plant food diet. Scurvy is rare in developed countries because it can be prevented by as little as 10 mg of vitamin C daily (32). Such symptoms are not generally serious, especially if they resolve with temporary discontinuation of vitamin C supplementation. Pauling Recommendation | Linus Pauling Institute | Oregon State University Sodium ascorbate provides 111 mg of sodium (889 mg of ascorbic acid) per 1,000 mg of sodium ascorbate, and calcium ascorbate generally provides 90 to 110 mg of calcium (890-910 mg of ascorbic acid) per 1,000 mg of calcium ascorbate. Choi HK, Curhan G. Gout: epidemiology and lifestyle choices. A prospective study of the intake of vitamins C and B6, and the risk of kidney stones in men. (PubMed), 88. 2013;2(6):e000329. Collins R, Peto R, Armitage J. Tessier F, Moreaux V, Birlouez-Aragon I, Junes P, Mondon H. Decrease in vitamin C concentration in human lenses during cataract progression. (PubMed), 181. 1976;84B(5):280-284. (PubMed). (PubMed), 58. Linus Pauling Institute Yet, plasma concentrations of vitamin C 50 mol/L are sufficient to saturate muscle tissue vitamin C. There is also some limited evidence suggesting that individuals who carry certain polymorphisms in genes involved in vitamin C transport and detoxification mechanisms may have lower plasma vitamin C concentrations even with high vitamin C intakes (see also Vascular complications of diabetes mellitus) (reviewed in 27). Although these metabolites are purported to increase the bioavailability of vitamin C, the only published study in humans addressing this issue found no difference between Ester-C and commercially available vitamin C tablets with respect to the absorption and urinary excretion of vitamin C (187). (PubMed), 105. 2011;34(1):108-114. Overall, observational prospective cohort studies have reported no or modest inverse associations between vitamin C intake and the risk of developing a given type of cancer(37, 61-63). Levine M, Padayatty SJ. The effect of vitamin therapy on the progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis varies by haptoglobin type in postmenopausal women. Therefore, as in many studies of vitamin C intake and chronic disease risk, it is difficult to separate the effects of vitamin C from the effects of other components of fruit and vegetables. (PubMed), 133. P R Health Sci J. (PubMed), 137. Corvallis, Oregon 97331, phone: 541-737-5075 | fax: 541-737-5077 http://practicingmedicinewithoutalicense.com/protocol/excerpt_chp7.pdf He received a patent on his work. J Nutr. (PubMed), 206. Vitamin C infusion also lowered the concentration of markers of inflammation and endothelial injury in patients compared to placebo (154). Levy R, Shriker O, Porath A, Riesenberg K, Schlaeffer F. Vitamin C for the treatment of recurrent furunculosis in patients with impaired neutrophil functions. Vitamin C supplementation for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. 2003;31(4):1250-1256. The heart muscle may become oxygen-deprived (ischemic) as the result of myocardial infarction or with aortic clamping during coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. Davis JL, Paris HL, Beals JW, et al. 1983;29(5):305-310. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;42(5):276-278. Ascorbate in pharmacologic concentrations selectively generates ascorbate radical and hydrogen peroxide in extracellular fluid in vivo. (PubMed), 71. Most (~80%) cerebrovascular events in high-income countries are ischemic in nature and associated with atherosclerosis as an underlying condition (55, 56). Am J Clin Nutr. Hammoud AO, Bujold E, Sorokin Y, Schild C, Krapp M, Baumann P. Smoking in pregnancy revisited: findings from a large population-based study. Victoria J. Drake, Ph.D. 2001;345(22):1583-1592. Decreased vitamin C concentrations in the lens of the eye have been associated with increased severity of cataracts (108). (PubMed), 100. Research Associate Conde-Agudelo A, Althabe F, Belizan JM, Kafury-Goeta AC. Liu C, Russell RM. Ischemic stroke occurs when an obstruction within a blood vessel blocks blood flow to the brain. Twenty-five years. Clinically insignificant effect of supplemental vitamin C on serum urate in patients with gout: a pilot randomized controlled trial. For example, potassiumfound at high levels in bananas, potatoes, and other fruit and vegetablesis known to be important in blood pressure regulation, and elevated blood pressure is a major risk factor for stroke (see the article on Potassium). 2008;105(32):11105-11109. Wandzilak TR, D'Andre SD, Davis PA, Williams HE. Carr AC, Rosengrave PC, Bayer S, Chambers S, Mehrtens J, Shaw GM. Although a primary source of dietary vitamin C, consumption of fruit and vegetablesassessed by food frequency questionnairewas not found to be associated with a lower risk of congestive heart failure (49). (PubMed), 57. An intervention trial in 75 adult male smokers found that supplementation with 1,000 mg/day of vitamin C resulted in significantly lower blood lead concentration over a four-week treatment period compared to placebo(184). 2014;6(9):3818-3846. *Monooxygenases catalyze the hydroxylation of one substrate, whereas dioxygenases catalyze a reaction that couples the hydroxylation of a specific substrate with the conversion (decarboxylation) of -ketoglutarate into succinate. Int J Surg. Klingelhoeffer C, Kammerer U, Koospal M, et al. Vitamin C supplements are available in many forms, but there is little scientific evidence that any one form is better absorbed or more effective than another. (PubMed), 103. Heart Disease Vitamin C and Linus Pauling by Jeffrey Dach MD Accessed 6/22/18. (PubMed), 111. Annu Rev Nutr. It is also a common post-cardiac surgery complication, leading to an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity (e.g., heart failure, stroke) and mortality. Integr Cancer Ther. Antioxid Redox Signal. Oregon State University, Updated in July 2018 by: The lively 92-year-old first gave a candid history of how he came to take up the vitamin C cause. (PubMed), 51. Nutrients. (PubMed), 44. J Urol. It is not intended as nutritional or medical advice for individual problems. 2016;5(2):94-100. Indian J Pharmacol. (PubMed), 42. In: Harris JR, ed. (PubMed), 208. Administration of a 1-gram (g) vitamin C infusion one hour prior to the angioplasty reduced the concentrations of oxidative stress markers and improved microcirculatory perfusion compared to placebo (130). In adults, lead toxicity may result in kidney damage, high blood pressure, and anemia. 1999;181(4):1026-1035. A small randomized controlled trial performed in 60 ischemic stroke patients showed that intravenous vitamin C administration (500 mg/day for 10 days, initiated day 1 post-stroke) had no effect on serum markers of oxidative stress or neurological outcomes compared to placebo(143). 2010;119(3):753-765. Linus Pauling Institute Int J Vitam Nutr Res Suppl. Vissers MCM, Das AB. 2014;30(1):96-101. PDF The natural cancer secret: The C6 Protocol - Dr. Micozzi (PubMed), 18. J Biol Chem. Clin Chem Lab Med. A 2012 review of nine randomized controlled trials found no substantial effect of -carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E, administered individually or in combination over 2.1 to 12 years, on the risk of cataracts or cataract surgery (112). The recommended intake for smokers is 35 mg/day higher than for nonsmokers, because smokers are under increased oxidative stress from the toxins in cigarette smoke and generally have lower blood concentrations of vitamin C (36). Comparison of mortality associated with sepsis in the burn, trauma, and general intensive care unit patient: a systematic review of the literature. Carter P, Gray LJ, Troughton J, Khunti K, Davies MJ. (PubMed), 205. 1998;147(12):1162-1174. Conversely, there are case reports suggesting that supplemental vitamin C may lower blood concentrations of some medications, such as fluphenazine (the antipsychotic drug, Prolixin) and indinavir (the antiretroviral drug, Crixivan) (200). Relationship between oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and ultrastructural damage in patients with coronary artery disease undergoing cardioplegic arrest/reperfusion. 2010;3(2):221-229. Linus Pauling's Basic Vitamin Advice is Centered on Vitamin C, and adds: Vitamin E - 800 to 3200 iu Per Doctor Sinatra's Miracle of CoQ10 book, an epidemiological WHO study showed that heart attack is 70% more likely in people with low blood levels of vitamin E, than in people with high blood pressure or high choleserol. The relation between gastric vitamin C concentrations, mucosal histology, and CagA seropositivity in the human stomach. *Source of intake should be from foods or formula only. 2014;3(2):45-54. 2007;10(2):75-83. Hypertension. . Yet, most studies were small and of short duration and thus did not assess the consequence of long-term use of antioxidant vitamins on the risk of vascular complications in diabetic patients. Pauling LC. 2010;51(6):963-964. A 2015 meta-analysis of 29 randomized controlled trials found that administration of vitamin C during pregnancy, alone or in combination with a few other supplements, failed to reduce the risks of stillbirth, perinatal death, intrauterine growth restriction, preterm birth, premature rupture of membranes, and preeclampsia (88). It is not known whether supplemental vitamin C could improve markers of glycemic control in subjects at risk of diabetes. Padayatty SJ, Sun H, Wang Y, et al. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2018 Alzheimer's Disease Facts and Figures. Forman JP, Choi H, Curhan GC. Jariwalla RJ, Harakeh S. Mechanisms underlying the action of vitamin C in viral and immunodeficiency disease. As mentioned previously, the body produces collagen from lysine and proline. (PubMed), 70. Endothelial dysfunction is considered to be an early step in the development of atherosclerosis. (PubMed), 3 Camarena V, Wang G. The epigenetic role of vitamin C in health and disease. 20th Anniversary ed. 1996;173(6):1502-1505. Linus Pauling Institute Comparison of the absorption and excretion of three commercially available sources of vitamin C. J Am Diet Assoc. Massey LK, Liebman M, Kynast-Gales SA. (PubMed), 152. Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) is a potent reducing agent, meaning that it readily donates electrons to recipient molecules (Figure 1). A meta-analysis of 29 small randomized controlled trials of short durations (median duration, 8 weeks) in 1,407 participants (10 to 120 subjects per trial; including both normotensive and hypertensive subjects) found that daily supplementation with 60 to 4,000 mg of vitamin C (median dose, 500 mg) reduced systolic blood pressure by 3.84 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure by 1.48 mm Hg (45). Research Associate Professor Is vitamin C supplementation beneficial? One hundred percent absorption efficiency is observed when ingesting vitamin C at doses up to 200 mg at a time. The tendency to exhibit elevated blood uric acid concentrations and develop gout is often inherited; however, dietary and lifestyle modification may be helpful in both the prevention and treatment of gout (116). The effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on the blood lead levels of smokers. Notably, intravenous administration of vitamin C bypasses absorptive control in the intestine such that very high concentrations of vitamin C can be achieved in the plasma; within a few hours, renal excretion restores vitamin C to baseline plasma concentrations (see Cancer Treatment) (25). In humans, vitamin C concentration is about 15 to 20 times higher in the aqueous humorfluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eyethan in plasma, suggesting that the vitamin may be playing an important role in the eye (107). 2011;63(10):3136-3141. In response to invading microorganisms, phagocytic leukocytes release non-specific toxins, such as superoxide radicals, hypochlorous acid ("bleach"), and peroxynitrite; these reactive oxygen species kill pathogens and, in the process, can damage the leukocytes themselves (15). Although free metal ions are not generally found under physiological conditions, the idea that high doses of vitamin C might be able to promote oxidative damage in vivo has received a great deal of attention. Vitamin C in Health and Disease. Marginal ascorbate status (hypovitaminosis C) results in an attenuated response to vitamin C supplementation. Production of both collagen and elastin requires vitamin C, lysine and proline. Nutrition Forum 2:33-36, 1985. Cancer Causes Control. The Therapy: Vitamin C, Lysine and Proline The form of vitamin C recommended by Dr. Linus Pauling is pure pharmaceutical grade ascorbic acid: - Not buffered. European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. (PubMed), 126. Two large prospective studies found dietary vitamin C intake to be inversely associated with breast cancer incidence in certain subgroups. Regular supplementation with vitamin C (0.25 to 2 g/day) did not reduce the incidence of colds in the general population (23 trials); however, in participants undergoing heavy physical stress (e.g., marathon runners, skiers, or soldiers in subarctic conditions), vitamin C supplementation halved the incidence of colds (5 trials). (PubMed), 207. This highlights the fact that limitations associated with dietary assessment methods such as food frequency questionnaires may be overcome by using biomarkers of nutrient intake (50, 51). Both vitamin C and aspirin reduced fasting blood glucose and HbA1c concentrations and improved blood lipid profile in metformin-treated patients. Coronary heart disease (CHD) is characterized by the buildup of plaque inside the arteries that supply blood to the heart (atherosclerosis). (PubMed), 179. 2016;94(3):e170-176. Cardiovasc Diabetol. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2003;90(2):148-154. J Am Soc Nephrol. Influence of intravenous vitamin E supplementation in cardiac surgery on oxidative stress: a double-blinded, randomized, controlled study. Similar results have been reported in septic patients given intravenous vitamin C (1.5 g/6 h), hydrocortisone (50 mg/6 h), and thiamin (200 mg/12 h) until hospital discharge. In addition, a 2013 systematic review by the same investigators identified only two small randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials that examined the effect of vitamin C on the incidence of respiratory infection-induced asthma(179). In a cohort of 21,831 adults followed for 12 years in the EPIC-Norfolk study, high plasma vitamin C was found to be strongly associated with a reduced risk of diabetes(84). 2013;97(4):800-807. (PubMed), 163. (PubMed), 41. J Pharm Biomed Anal. These, together with a general anti-oxidant recommendation which included vitamin A and E, were his specific recommendation for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. 1999;18(2):166-170. Ascorbic acid, cognitive function, and Alzheimer's disease: a current review and future direction. Milner AD, Rao H, Greenough A. The effectiveness of antioxidant vitamins C and E in reducing myocardial infarct size in patients subjected to percutaneous coronary angioplasty (PREVEC Trial): study protocol for a pilot randomized double-blind controlled trial. 2017;3:Cd011114. Overall, an inverse association between fruit and vegetable intake and risk of NHL was observed. 2013;22(12):2202-2211. Hemila H. Vitamin C and common cold-induced asthma: a systematic review and statistical analysis. 2016;9:25-30. 201. Additional detail is provided below for those cancer subtypes with substantial scientific information obtained from prospective cohort studies. (PubMed), 45. Juraschek SP, Guallar E, Appel LJ, Miller ER, 3rd. A 2011 meta-analysis of 13 randomized controlled trials in healthy individuals with elevated serum uric acid revealed that vitamin C supplementation (a median dose of 500 mg/day for a median duration of 30 days) modestly reduced serum uric acid concentrations by 0.35 mg/dL compared to placebo(120). Pharmacol Rep. 2010;62(4):751-756. 1999;69(6):1086-1107. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in individuals with diabetes mellitus. 1951;113:628-631. 200. People with impaired kidney function may be at risk for aluminum toxicity when supplemental vitamin C is taken at the same time as these compounds (200, 201). Lp(a) is a substitute for ascorbate (Vitamin C). Mathew MC, Ervin AM, Tao J, Davis RM. Pediatrics. Stephenson CM, Levin RD, Spector T, Lis CG. (PubMed), 165. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Reports since 1991 indicate that the Pauling Therapy works as a cure by itself, but in theory, Pauling's protocol makes an ideal oral adjunct to EDTA Chelation therapy and other more conventional therapies for all forms of cardiovascular disease, except intra . PDF How do I know the Pauling Therapy is working and how long will it take? (PubMed), 46 Knekt P, Ritz J, Pereira MA, et al. Pauling L. Vitamin C therapy and advanced cancer (letter). 2017;17(1):49. Spoelstra-de Man AME, Elbers PWG, Oudemans-Van Straaten HM. It is not clear whether vitamin C given parenterally could diminish or increase the efficacy of chemotherapy drugsin particular, akylating agents (e.g., cyclophosphamide, busulfan), antitumor antibiotics (e.g., doxorubicin, bleomycin), and arsenic trioxide. (PubMed), 128. 2011;2(2):78-88. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (PubMed). Song Y, Xu Q, Park Y, Hollenbeck A, Schatzkin A, Chen H. Multivitamins, individual vitamin and mineral supplements, and risk of diabetes among older U.S. adults. San Francisco: W.H. 1995;59(6):1519-1523. Oregon State University, Updated in January 2006 by: Vitamin C in plasma is inversely related to blood pressure and change in blood pressure during the previous year in young Black and White women. Stamp LK, Zhu X, Dalbeth N, Jordan S, Edwards NL, Taylor W. Serum urate as a soluble biomarker in chronic gout-evidence that serum urate fulfills the OMERACT validation criteria for soluble biomarkers. Arch Intern Med. (PubMed), 147. Vitamin C deficiency in the brain impairs cognition, increases amyloid accumulation and deposition, and oxidative stress in APP/PSEN1 and normally aging mice. Reversal of ionoregulatory disruptions in occupational lead exposure by vitamin C. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. Improved endothelial function was observed with daily vitamin C doses above 500 mg (39).
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