Florida was supposedly named because it was spotted on Easter, or the Festival of Flowers as it was commonly called in Spain. Once the Spanish settlement in the Caribbean occurred, Spain and Portugal formalized a division of the world between them in the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas. For the Spaniards Tlaxcalan allies, their crucial support gained them enduring political legacy into the modern era, the Mexican state of Tlaxcala.[23][24]. The Spanish colonization effort differed from those of the French and Dutch mainly because Spain created a massive empire. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. Brown, Kendall W., "The Spanish Imperial Mercury Trade and the American Mining Expansion Under the Bourbon Monarchy," in, Van Ausdal, Shawn, and Robert W. Wilcox. [60] The crown sought to establish and maintain control over its overseas possessions through a complex, hierarchical bureaucracy, which in many ways was decentralized. The Spaniards systematically attempted to transform structures of indigenous governance to those more closely resembling those of Spaniards, so the indigenous city-state became a Spanish town and the indigenous noblemen who ruled became officeholders of the town council (cabildo). Spanish expansion into modern-day Mexico that Spanish explorers were able to find wealth on the scale that they had been hoping for. The British Empire offered support, wanting to end the Spanish monopoly on trade with its colonies in the Americas. Therefore, the mountains were a they acted as a barrier to further settlement to the west. To satisfy his debts to the Welsers, he granted them the right to colonize and exploit western Venezuela, with the proviso that they found two towns with 300 settlers each and construct fortifications. Ida Altman, S.L. While chartered by the Crown, English colonization was funded by joint-stock companies, groups of investors eager for profits. More spanish blood equaled more power. The crown established control over trade and emigration to the Indies with the 1503 establishment the Casa de Contratacin (House of Trade) in Seville. Europeans imported enslaved Africans to the early Caribbean settlements to replace indigenous labor and enslaved and free Africans were part of colonial-era populations. Chipman, Donald E. and Joseph, Harriett Denise. Spaniards also imported citrus trees, establishing orchards of oranges, lemons, and limes, and grapefruit. Survivors continued to travel among indigenous groups in the North American south and southwest until 1536. A third factor, which strongly intensified the effect of the other two, was the social and physical disruption visited upon the Indian. Francisco de Ibarra led an expedition from Zacatecas in northern New Spain, and founded Durango. A checkerboard pattern radiated outward. Spanish explorers with hopes of conquest in the New World were known as, Hoping to gain power over the city, Corts took, Following his defeat, Corts slowly created alliances and recruited tens of thousands of native peoples who resented Aztec rule. Vol. A number of friars in the early period came to the vigorous defense of the indigenous populations, who were new converts to Christianity. They replicated the existing indigenous network of settlements, but added a port city. [46] In 1561, Pedro de Ursa led an expedition of some 370 Spanish (including women and children) into Amazonia to search for El Dorado. His fall from power is viewed as an example of the weakening of the crown in the mid-seventeenth century since it failed to protect their duly appointed bishop. The colonies grew both geographically along the Atlantic coast and westward and numerically to 13 from the time of their founding to the American Revolution (1775-81). Simmons, Marc, The Last Conquistador: Juan de Oate and the Settling of the Far Southwest, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, 1991, book title. Spanish colonization after Columbus accelerated the rivalry between Spain and Portugal to an unprecedented level. 378-79. Portugal's claim to part of South America under the Treaty of Tordesillas resulted in the creation of Portuguese colony of Brazil. The leader of an expedition, the adelantado was a senior with material wealth and standing who could persuade the crown to issue him a license for an expedition. According to Cook, the indigenous Californian population at first contact, in 1769, was about 310,000 and had dropped to 25,000 by 1910. Venezuela: The Colonial Era in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. Important ones include Santiago de Guatemala (1524); Puebla (1531); Quertaro (ca. They were referred to as Espaoles and Espaolas, and later being differentiated by the terms indicating place of birth, peninsular for those born in Spain; criollo/criolla or Americano/Ameriana for those born in the Americas. Once on the mainland, where there were dense indigenous populations in urban settlements, the Spanish could build a Spanish settlement on the same site, dating its foundation to when that occurred. Bartolome de Las Casas | Biography, Books, Quotes, Significance Cane sugar imported from the Old World was a high value, a low bulk export product that became the bulwark of tropical economies of the Caribbean islands and coastal Tierra Firme (the Spanish Main), as well as Portuguese Brazil. [137][138][139], The largest population in Spanish America was and remained indigenous, what Spaniards called "Indians" (indios), a category that did not exist before the arrival of the Europeans. To feed urban populations and mining workforces, small-scale farms (ranchos), (estancias), and large-scale enterprises (haciendas) emerged to fill the demand, especially for foodstuffs that Spaniards wanted to eat, most especially wheat. [29][31] This Mapuche victory laid the foundation for the establishment of a Spanish-Mapuche frontier called La Frontera. Effective Spanish settlement began in 1493, when Columbus brought livestock, seeds, agricultural equipment. [73] The office of captain general involved to be the supreme military chief of the whole territory and he was responsible for recruiting and providing troops, the fortification of the territory, the supply and the shipbuilding. [160] The similarly epic and dark journey of Lope de Aguirre was made into a film by Werner Herzog, Aguirre, the Wrath of God (1972), starring Klaus Kinsky. [49] Juan de Oate, is sometimes referred to as "the Last Conquistador",[50] expanded Spanish sovereignty over what is now New Mexico. As with many other royal posts, these positions were sold, starting in 1677. The capital city of a viceroyalty became of the seat of the archbishop. [54], The Columbian Exchange was as significant as the clash of civilizations. The Spanish moved into the Americas with a lust for wealth. 37 Questions Show answers. providing opportunities for colonists to participate in government. Queen Isabel was the first monarch that laid the first stone for the protection of the indigenous peoples in her testament in which the Catholic monarch prohibited the enslavement of the indigenous peoples of the Americas. The Taino population on Hispaniola went from hundreds of thousands or millions the estimates by scholars vary widely but in the mid-1490s, they were practically wiped out. [39] Puerto Rico was also colonized by the Spanish during this era, occasioning the earliest contact between Africans and what would become the United States (via the free Black conquistador Juan Garrido). Cook, Noble David. In 1532 at the Battle of Cajamarca a group of Spaniards under Francisco Pizarro and their indigenous Andean Indian auxiliaries native allies ambushed and captured the Emperor Atahualpa of the Inca Empire. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1992. - St. Augustine is the first European city established in North America. In the Huancavelica region, mercury continues to wreak ecological damage.[144][145][146]. Treasury officials were supposed to be paid out of the income from the province, and were normally prohibited from engaging in income-producing activities.[76]. Borah, Woodrow. On 31 March 1492, the Catholic Monarch ordered the expulsion of the Jews in Spain who refused to convert to Christianity. 84-85. Corts's seeking indigenous allies was a typical tactic of warfare: divide and conquer. Image credit: Columbuss discovery opened a floodgate of Spanish exploration. Held in the Colegio de San Gregorio, in the Spanish city of Valladolid, it was a moral and theological debate about the colonization of the Americas, its justification for the conversion to Catholicism and more specifically about the relations between the European settlers and the natives of the New World. The monarchy was abolished and the republic was restored on 21 September 1979. Each order set up networks of parishes in the various regions (provinces), sited in existing indigenous settlements, where Christian churches were built and where evangelization of the indigenous was based. The most prominent example is in Puebla, Mexico, when Bishop Juan de Palafox y Mendoza was driven from his bishopric by the Jesuits. In Peru, Spaniards founded the city of Lima as their capital and its nearby port of Callao, rather than the high-altitude site of Cuzco, the center of Inca rule. Direct link to skyler karrick's post i think those dresses loo. Although Spaniards had hoped to find vast quantities of gold, the discovery of large quantities of silver became the motor of the Spanish colonial economy, a major source of income for the Spanish crown, and transformed the international economy. Corregidores collected the tribute from indigenous communities and regulated forced indigenous labor. The Spanish Empire would expand across the Caribbean Islands, half of South America, almost all of Central America and most of North America. Muldoon, James. The Spanish network needed a port city so that inland settlements could be connected by sea to Spain. the great depression caused the stock market crash of 1929. the stock market crash of . Why did many conquistadores fail to establish colonies in the New World? Q1: Option B. St. Augustine was the name of the first Spanish colonial settlement in Florida. [7] Expeditions required authorization by the crown, which laid out the terms of such expedition. "Hoofprints: Cattle Ranching and Landscape Transformation" in, Brevisima relacin de la destruccin de las Indias, Spanish colonization attempt of the Strait of Magellan, First relation letter from Pedro de Valdivia to emperor Charles V, forced resettlement of indigenous populations, Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas, Latin American economy Colonial era and Independence (ca. Chapter 1: The Collision of Cultures QUIZ Flashcards | Quizlet i think those dresses look horrid on toughs poor little girls. Mounted indigenous warriors were significant foes for Spaniards. There was surface gold found in early islands, and holders of encomiendas put the indigenous to work panning for it. Which statement accurately describes Spanish colonization in the New World A. In Mexico during the sixteenth-century Chichimec War guarded the transit of silver from the mines of Zacatecas to Mexico City. There is debate about the impact of ranching on the environment in the colonial era, with sheep herding being called out for its negative impact, while others contest that. respond to failed pueblo revolt in 1598?, The ---1-- of the Spanish Armada by the --2-- empire demonstrated a more --3-- ships against a much larger warships. Las Casas, Bartolome. Although there were restrictions of appointees' ties to local elite society and participation in the local economy, they acquired dispensations from the cash-strapped crown. [141][142][143] In Mexico, the labor force had to be lured from elsewhere in the colony, and was not based on traditional systems of rotary labor. London, England: Penguin Classics. 1, pp. The two main areas of Spanish settlement after 1550 were Mexico and Peru, the sites of the Aztec and Inca indigenous civilizations. Gonzalo Jimnez de Quesada was the leading conquistador with his brother Hernn second in command. The monarchy took most of it, and the rest was spread across lords and ladies. [100], In 2000, Pope John Paul II apologized for the wrongs done by the Catholic Church, including those to indigenous peoples. European Colonization of North America - National Geographic Society Cities were governed on the same pattern as in Spain and in the Indies the city was the framework of Spanish life. The Caribbean islands became less central to Spain's overseas colonization, but remained important strategically and economically, especially the islands of Cuba and Hispaniola. [66], The politics of asserting royal authority to oppose Columbus resulted in the suppression of his privileges and the creation of territorial governance under royal authority. Another failed attempt was conducted by Lucas Vzquez de Aylln, who set out with approximately 500 colonists and established the settlement of San Miguel de Gualdape in modern-day South Carolina in 1526.[44]. [35][36], Argentina was not conquered or later exploited in the grand fashion of central Mexico or Peru, since the indigenous population was sparse and there were no precious metals or other valuable resources. There is no fabrication here, What are some specific examples of political systems they had. In the eighteenth-century reforms, the Viceroyalty of Peru was reorganized, splitting off portions to form the Viceroyalty of New Granada (Colombia) (1739) and the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata (Argentina) (1776), leaving Peru with jurisdiction over Peru, Charcas, and Chile. History of Latin America | Meaning, Countries, Map, & Facts What factors lead to their demise? [166], For the independence era, the 2016 Bolivian-made film made about Mestiza independence leader Juana Azurduy de Padilla is part of the recent recognition of her role in the independence of Argentina and Bolivia.[167]. The crown of Castile financed more of his trans-Atlantic journeys, a pattern they would not repeat elsewhere. Gold and silver began to connect European nations through trade, and the Spanish money supply ballooned, which signified the beginning of the economic system known as, Riches poured in from the colonies, and new ideas poured in from other countries and new lands. Direct link to Bailey's post So did the Caste System d, Posted 5 years ago. Princeton University Press, 1984. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMecham1966 (, Burkholder, Mark A. The laws were the first codified set of laws governing the behavior of Spanish settlers in the Americas, particularly with regards to treatment of native Indians in the institution of the encomienda. House of Welser in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. Image credit: Map of de Coronado's route through Mexico and the Southwest of the modern United States. Ore was crushed with the aid of mules and then mercury could be applied to draw out the pure silver. The Spanish Empire could not have ruled these vast territories and dense indigenous populations without utilizing the existing indigenous political and economic structures at the local level. Question 1. - New Mexico is established as a Spanish Colony.-Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Len explored Florida. How did spain handle all the inflation? The successes of Columbus ushered in an era of Spanish conquest that led numerous other European explorers to attempt similar colonization projects. The exchange did not go one way. Spanish colonists settled in greatest numbers where there were dense indigenous populations and the existence of valuable resources for extraction. Judges (oidores) held "formidable power. [124] Presidios had a resident commanders, who set up commercial enterprises of imported merchandise, selling it to soldiers as well as Indian allies. Patterns of the first Spanish settlements in the Caribbean were to endure there and had a lasting impact on the Spanish Empire. Central America - The Spanish conquest | Britannica [140] In the Andes, Viceroy Francisco de Toledo revived the indigenous rotary labor system of the mita to supply labor for silver mining. [96][97] For the Andean area, there are an increasing number of publications as well. "Juzgado General de Indios del Per o Juzgado Particular de Indios de el cercado de Lima.". In Mexico, Bishop Juan de Zumrraga prosecuted and had executed in 1539 a Nahua lord, known as Don Carlos of Texcoco for apostasy and sedition for having converted to Christianity and then renounced his conversion and urged others to do so as well. Within this frontier the city of Concepcin assumed the role of "military capital" of Spanish-ruled Chile. They were predominantly criollos (Americas-born people of European ancestry, mostly Spanish or Portuguese), bourgeois and influenced by liberalism and in some cases with military training in the mother country. The film starred Robert De Niro, Jeremy Irons, and Liam Neeson and It won an Academy Award. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Spanish explorers with hopes of conquest in the New World were known as conquistadores. He wrote many petitions, treatises, and books on the subject of the Spanish conquest of the Americas.His most famous works included the Historia apologtica (Apologetic History) and the Brevsima relacin de la destruccin de las Indias (A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies).The former was written as an introduction to a proposed . [157] The story of Doa Marina, also known as Malinche, was the subject of a Mexican TV miniseries in 2018. A drawing depicting Malintzin translating for Cortez and Aztes. The Spanish conquest. The Aztecs under Spanish Rule. [79], The Valladolid debate (15501551) was the first moral debate in European history to discuss the rights and treatment of a colonized people by colonizers. Why did the Spanish choose to enslave native people? 4, p. 204. In the extension of Spanish sovereignty to its overseas territories, authority for expeditions (entradas) of discovery, conquest, and settlement resided in the monarchy. One was by Francisco Hernndez de Crdoba in 1517, another by Juan de Grijalva in 1518, which brought promising news of possibilities there. The Significance of Spanish Colonial Missions in our National Story and David Stannard historian and professor of American Studies at the University of Hawaii compares the genocidal process in two cases of colonization, and says that the British did not need massive labor as the Spanish, but land: "And therein lies the central difference between the genocide committed by the Spanish and that of the Anglo-Americans . [81] In Mexico, Don Martn Corts, the son and legal heir of conqueror Hernn Corts, and other heirs of encomiendas led a failed revolt against the crown. Their colonial governments reflected the model of a two-house Parliament and long-cherished civil liberties. Horses that escaped Spanish control were captured by indigenous; many indigenous also raided for horses. [89] In Mexico, the crown established the General Indian Court (Juzgado General de Indios), which heard disputes affecting individual indigenous as well as indigenous communities. ", Weber, David J. [103] Based in Castile, with the assignment of the governance of the Indies, it was thus responsible for drafting legislation, proposing the appointments to the King for civil government as well as ecclesiastical appointments, and pronouncing judicial sentences; as maximum authority in the overseas territories, the Council of the Indies took over both the institutions in the Indies as the defense of the interests of the Crown, the Catholic Church, and of indigenous peoples. How did the Golden Age of Spain communicate similar ideals to that of the Spanish colonization project? So, the correct options that match the statements quoted above are A and B. [16][17] In 1542 Dominican friar Bartolom de Las Casas wrote a damning account of this demographic catastrophe, A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies. The Spanish Borderlands, Historiography Redux., Spanish Exploration and Conquest of North America, This page was last edited on 21 April 2023, at 16:57. Warren, J. As the colonial economy became more diversified and less dependent on these mechanisms for the accumulation of wealth, the indigenous noblemen became less important for the economy. The first expansion of territory was the conquest of the Muslim Emirate of Granada on 1 January 1492, the culmination of the Christian Reconquest of the Iberian peninsula, held by the Muslims since 711. Columbus, in his voyage, sought fame and fortune, as did his Spanish sponsors. One in 1949 stars Fredric March as Columbus. Far more famous now is Lope de Aguirre, who led a mutiny against Ursa, who was murdered. [164] Seventeenth-century Mexican trickster Martn Garatuza was the subject of a late nineteenth-century novel by Mexican politician and writer, Vicente Riva Palacio. - The Pueblo Revolt occurs in 1680. Ovando fitted out Magellan's voyage of circumnavigation, and became the first President of the Council of the Indies in 1524. In Peru, silver was found in a single silver mountain, the Cerro Rico de Potos, still producing silver in the 21st century. Since their appointments were for life or the pleasure of the monarch, they had a continuity of power and authority that viceroys and captains-general lacked because of their shorter-term appointments. In 1821 Treaty of Crdoba established Mexican independence from Spain and concluded the War. Motivations for Colonization - National Geographic Society The bishop challenged the Jesuits' continuing to hold Indian parishes and function as priests without the required royal licenses. The Biological Exchange, also called the Columbian Exchange, was a global transfer of plants, such as Native American corn and potatoes, and animals, such as European horses, that revolutionized agriculture and hunting in both Europe and the Americas. Lockhart, James. [101], During the early colonial period, the crown authorized friars of Catholic religious orders (Franciscans, Dominicans, and Augustinians) to function as priests during the conversion of indigenous populations. I've read that the reasons for Spanish conquest could be summed up with three words: "Gold, Glory, God.". The crown aimed to prevent the formation of an aristocracy in the Indies not under crown control. De Austrias a Borbones", Encyclopedia of Latin and mexicpo is the best History and Culture 1996, "Cochineal Production and Trade in New Spain to 1600", Historiography of Colonial Spanish America, Indigenous Reducciones and Spanish Resettlement: Placing Colonial and European History in Dialogue, Indigenous Puerto Rico DNA evidence upsets established history, The Political Force of Images, Vistas: Visual Culture in Spanish America, 15201820, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories, Independence of Spanish continental Americas, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France, Colonial universities in Hispanic America, Law of coartacin (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others), South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas&oldid=1151061142, Spanish exploration in the Age of Discovery, History of indigenous peoples of the Americas, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, All articles with vague or ambiguous time, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2021, Articles lacking reliable references from September 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0.
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