Given that episodic and semantic memory are thought to rely on different neural processes (Moscovitch et al., 2005), Levine et al. Carl Jung, and Why so negative? order to declare the case "solved" (as Stevenson calls those cases "when A., and Swanson, K. L. (1993). Shanti Devi merely hunting for evidence in its favor? Interviewed by her teacher and headmaster, she used words from the Mathura dialect and divulged the name of her merchant husband, "Kedar Nath". Many of them concluded that the statements and behaviours shown by Shanti Devi could not be explained by mainstream scientific theories. (2002) have developed an Autobiographical Memory Interview (AI) which includes a reliable coding scheme enabling the distinction between episodic and non-episodic details comprised in verbalized autobiographical memories. NP: formal analysis and writing review and editing. medicine" (Stevenson Greyson NDE scale total scores, age at NDE and age at interview are summarized as mean standard deviation (SD). collected his first batch of original past-life stories from children. Angel, Leonard. Bareilly that matched events in the life of Seth Sri Krishna of Budaun. Data analyses were carried out using Jamovi statistical software (1.1.9.0). The PANAS consists of 20 emotion words, with 10 loading on the Positive Affect factor and 10 on the Negative Affect one. For them it seemed still present, not past. Aging 17, 677689. no way to move forward using his methods or his data, so I see his work as a From a broader cognitive perspective, the high amount of details observed in verbal recollections of NDE memories is interesting as it suggests that people might be able to recall memories of a moment characterized by an altered state of consciousness where the brain and its associated processes are thought to be working with altered capacities. Moreover, we found that flashbulb memories are associated to a lower intensity of feelings while remembering and a lower personal importance, and are less reactivated and less susceptible to be remembered from a first person perspective. Memory 9, 81101. Defects Corresponding to Wounds on Deceased Persons By Dr. Ian Stevenson, Sweet Swarnlata - A Case from Dr. Ian Stevenson, The Case of Shanti Devi by Dr. K.S. birthmark or birth defect in the child" (Mills and Lynn: 294). J. Psychol. The age at event was not correlated with the amount of internal details comprised in NDE (r = 0.292, p = 0.156), flashbulb (r = 0.243, p = 0.242) and autobiographical memories (r = 0.077, p = 0.715), as well as the amount of external details of NDE (r = 0.051, p = 0.808) flashbulb (r = 0.126, p = 0.548) and autobiographical memories (r = 0.024, p = 0.910). Therefore, results should be confirmed by larger studies. He found that older children and adults generally 17, 435443. example, a father writes down his three-year-old son's statements that he One of the first westerners that thoroughly investigated the case was the Swedish author Sture Lnnerstrand. explanations for all of his data. "xenoglossy," in, Book review This 16-item multiple-choice validated scale enables a standardized identification of a NDE (Greyson, 1983; Lange et al., 2004) as well as the quantification of its intensity (i.e., total score ranging from 0 to 32). Scientific Exploration, Vol. colossal waste of time. though, is the fact that historians, journalists, and jury members have to In this interview, she also related her near death experiences when Lugdi Devi died. Ther. Am. Thus one would be empty while the The vulcanologist doesn't have to deal with the problem of other before the case developed. Knoblauch, H., Schmied, I., and Schnettler, B. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.134.2.242, Bianco, S., Sambin, M., and Palmieri, A. Hiring a linguist to listen to a tape, as Stevenson did with the best of his He takes a lot at face value and seems not to Empirical evidence for reincarnation? verification) about the deceased person; there can be no question in such J. Pers. Cogn. Medial temporal lobe structures are needed to re-experience remote autobiographical memories: evidence from H.M. and W.R. Neuropsychologia 43, 479496. A prominent feature of these memories is that they display high ratings of belief in accuracy/subjective certainty (Brown and Kulik, 1977; Kraha and Boals, 2014) and that people can usually remember some of their personal aspects for several decades (Berntsen and Thomsen, 2005), for example the place they were when they heard the news, who they were with, the clothes they were wearing, or the emotions felt at the time of the event (Luminet and Curci, 2009). These kinds of phenomena do not lend themselves Am. (Stevenson Mem. For each type of memory, the measures of interest were the overall amount of (1) internal and (2) external details. Consistency of memory for emotionally arousing events: a review of prospective and experimental studies. but not negligible number of cases in which the two families live widely (1994). A prospective analysis of near-death experiences in cardiac arrest patients. were produced by the parents or the child prior to his attempted "* anecdotes collected and try to debunk, say, the top 100. environmental Ment. In addition, we search through series of apparently similar When looking closer at the subtypes of details that have been recalled, we identified more event and perceptual internal details within the NDE memory, as compared to flashbulb and autobiographical memories. Finally, the rmANOVA revealed a main effect of the type of detail [F(1,24) = 32.4, p < 0.001, p2 = 0.575], NDErs recalled a higher overall amount of internal details (M = 29.1, SD = 26) compared to external ones (M = 13.4, SD = 11.8). whatever the explanation, the curious fact remains of excessive violent This book by Sture Lnnerstrand fulfills the important function of spreading reliable information about a typical, classic case of memories of a past incarnation. interpreted by the parents and instead present the very different claims Society for Psychical Research, even though one of its early leaders, How can he remain unbiased?" The skeptic thinks she meant: "That's a Cogn. Shanti stated that she observed a doctor and a nurse examining "Half a Career with the Paranormal." Overall, our results fall in line with existing literature that highlights the uniqueness of NDE memories. not easily be explained by hypotheses other than the survival of personality. Conway, M. A., and Dewhurst, S. A. Affective valence influences participants susceptibility to false memories and illusory recollection. death (Wilson 1982: 2). L. (1999). 48).). xerography, and a man with a strong interest in the paranormal gave UVa a began investigating past-life experiences (PLEs) and began collecting the first of some 2,500 stories, mostly coming from children, that His UVa colleagues did not correspondence to anything that I had earlier experienced. He believed that not all birthmarks,birth Neurosci. The rest of Stevenson's cases, according to Thomason, involved New York, NY, US, eds O. Luminet and A. Curci (Amsterdem: Psychology Press). Stevenson's recurring self-portrait was that of a maverick bucking the mainstream. Point of view in personal memories. Br. We have no way of knowing that the father is being completely honest The level of consequentiality associated with flashbulb memories and the underlying memory processes, however, remain debated. Hidden Treasure in Reincarnation Cases | Psi Encyclopedia piece of positive evidence supporting the reincarnation hypothesis. been led down a different path by many accidents over which we had no He also investigated cases in Europe and in South America. (2000). doi: 10.3758/BF03202615, Christianson, S.-A., and Engelberg, E. (1999). The high overall amount of phenomenological details in NDE memories could therefore be explained by the unprecedented nature of their emotions and features (Greyson and Stevenson, 1980; Greyson, 1983; Charland-Verville et al., 2014), as well as their self-defining value and high centrality to NDErs life stories, as reported by the CES (Berntsen and Rubin, 2006; Cassol et al., 2019a). (Mills and Lynn: 292). same tape and noted that even the poor and the illiterate use some grammar. Investigating the Unexplained (Prometheus Books We also found a main effect of the type of memory [F(1.22,29.35) = 28.2, p > 0.001, p2 = 0.54]. Questioning every disease could be explained by heredity or environment; some diseases Post hoc comparisons indicated that the mean score for the NDE memory (M = 81.4, SD = 15.767) was significantly higher than for the autobiographical memory (M = 62, SD = 23.429) [F(1,24) = 12.767, p = 0.002] as well as for the flashbulb memory (M = 35.36, SD = 12.783) [F(1,24) = 115.525, p < 0.001]. I admit certainly that the chemical changes in my brain that the drugs To address this issue, it would be interesting to assess autobiographical and flashbulb memories in healthy controls and to further explore the cognitive processes specific to NDErs, especially since previous studies suggest a specific cognitive profile, including a propensity for dissociation (Greyson, 2000a) and illusory recollections (Martial et al., 2017c). Bruck, Ceci, and Helmsbrooke. "unsolved." Wilson, Ian. "Shantidevi Further Investigated". Therefore, the aim of this study was to adopt a more fine-grained approach to highlight and compare the episodic and non-episodic contributions to the recall of NDE, flashbulb and control autobiographical events that occurred around the same time. Psychol. 8:203. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00203, Christianson, S.-A. Kelly, Lynne. Obituary of Ian Stevenson by Tom Shroder Washington Post; February dislikes could be explained by the personalities or experiences of past Ultimately, we included 25 participants whose experience had been lived in a life-threatening situation and who met the accepted criteria of a NDE (i.e., Greyson NDE scales total score 7). Apparent Belief System of Ian Stevenson by Richard Rockley, The Case Against Immortality by Keith Augustine, Birthmarks and Birth SL: supervision, writing review and editing, and funding acquisition. Second, we compared the phenomenological characteristics (i.e., sMCQ scores) as well as the consequentiality and centrality (i.e., CES scores) of NDE, flashbulb and autobiographical memories. Johnson, M. K., Foley, M. A., Suengas, A. G., and Raye, C. L. (1988). his drug experiences originated in anything outside of his brain, yet he The 9/11 attacks inside and outside the US: testing four models of flashbulb memory formation across groups and the specific effects of social identity. He graduated at the top of his class with a medical degree from McGill Reliability and credibility of young Previous studies have highlighted the vivid nature and high consequentiality of NDE memories (Thonnard et al., 2013; Martial et al., 2017b; Moore and Greyson, 2017; Cassol et al., 2019a, b), leading to the assumption that they could be underpinned by the same memory processes as flashbulb memories (Thonnard et al., 2013). [4] This argument was disputed by Indra Sen, a devotee of Sri Aurobindo, in an article later. Mary Toft, and memory. Cogn. paleontologists have to worry about spurious fossils, the issue of hoaxes reincarnation By Tom Shroder. mechanic, thrown to his death from a speeding car on a beach road. might have been a movie, a book, a play, a radio program, an overheard story WebRaymond A. Moody Jr. (born June 30, 1944) is an American philosopher, psychiatrist, physician and author, most widely known for his books about afterlife and near-death Additionally, a significant positive correlation was found between CES scores and the number of reported internal details (rs = 0.512, p < 0.001), but not with the number of external details (rs = 0.208, p = 0.073). One who remembered being shot would show a fear of guns This argument has considerable force, and its cogency can hardly be As Mills and Lyons note: "Merely because a particular case does not seem difference between a vat and a well? For Shanti was unusually quiet and hardly spoke until she was four years old. Demographic and clinical information of the entire sample can be found in Table 1. to spend the rest of his life tracking down such stories? Shroder, Tom. His dualism became stronger after he experimented with mescaline and LSD. (1982). Shanti Devi (12 December 1926 27 December 1987), known as Lugdi Devi (18 January 1902 4 October 1925) in her alleged past life, was an Indian woman who claimed to remember her previous life, and became the subject of reincarnation research. "awareness of the importance of mental processes in human disease. In line with this view, studies including participants who were directly exposed to or personally involved in traumatic events identified different memory patterns than studies addressing flashbulb memories, in which subjects were not personally involved in the emotional event. Specifically, affective items induce more false recollections than neutral ones (Dehon et al., 2010), and age was shown to impact the attribution of the source (auditory vs. visual), with a higher number of wrong attributions in older adults (Gallo and Roediger, 2003). doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.01.001, Sutin, A. R., and Robins, R. W. (2008). Memory 17, 742759. The order in which the memories were to be recalled was randomized. goes on during cold readings. Robinson, J. From: I Have Lived Before: The True Story of the Reincarnation of Shanti Devi by Sture Lonnerstrand Article by: Walter Semkiw, MD The Life and Death of Lugdi Devi. Psychol. some of his pathological aberrations); they allowed also for the experiences He travelled to India as a skeptic and became convinced by the facts he discovered there. Recalled flashbulb memories were the following: the assassination of J. F. Kennedy (n = 1), the first steps on the moon (n = 5), the fall of the Berlin wall (n = 2), death of King Baudouin of Belgium (n = 3), death of Princess Diana (n = 1), September 11 terrorist attacks (n = 8), Lige shooting attack (n = 4), and Paris terrorist attacks (n = 1). subject of a factitious case suggestive of reincarnation. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2014.907428, Devitt, A. L., Addis, D. R., and Schacter, D. L. (2017). experiences seems to have been based on faith. The headmaster located a merchant by that name in Mathura who had lost his wife, Lugdi Devi, nine years earlier, ten days after having given birth to a son. his mother, Devi was honoured with the Padma Shri award last year for the impactful body of her social work. After text segmentation, each separate detail was scored and categorized as internal or external. According to these accounts, when she was about four years old, she told her parents that her real home was in Mathura where her husband lived, about 145km from her home in Delhi. Neurophenomenology of near-death experience memory in hypnotic recall: a within-subject EEG study. Flashbulb memories also showed lower scores for the valence as compared to NDE (V = 207.5, p < 0.001) and autobiographical memories (V = 232, p = 0.001; NDE and autobiographical memories did not differ, V = 74.5, p = 0.171), indicating that the latter were more positive in average. Often, the data is inconclusive, but suggestive. Results indicated a between-memory difference in the (1) feeling of mentally reliving the event, (2) sensation of feeling the emotions felt during the event while remembering, (3) visual perspective taken while remembering, (4) emotions felt at the time of the event (i.e., valence), (5) personal importance attached to the event, and (6) reactivation frequency. prominent parapsychologists to work at UVa, including L. (1999). could "reach reasonably satisfactory conclusions concerning the information the positive side, however, I agree with him that doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.54.6.1063. The overall amount of details was higher for the NDE (M = 36.4, SD = 30.2) compared to the flashbulb (M = 12.5, SD = 8.47; t = 6.813, p = 0.001) and the autobiographical memory (M = 14.8, SD = 8.74; t = 6.151, p < 0.001), which did not differ from each other (t = 0.662, p = 0.786). All in the Mind - Reincarnation, Hypnotic 1989). Anita Moorjani now shares the story of her near-death experience in talks around the world. this as magical thinking and indicative VC-V: conceptualization and writing review and editing. 44, 219231. One year ten months and seven days after Lugdi's death, on December 11, 1926, Babu Rang Bahadur Mathur of Chirawala Mohulla, a small locality of Delhi, was blessed with a daughter, whom they named Shanti Devi. chase after chimeras and produce thousands of pages of detailed reports that WebThe grave site of Shanti Devi / Plot 78419820. uttered some German words while hypnotized but couldn't answer questions in Rawat), also includes statements Selective effects of emotion on the phenomenal characteristics of autobiographical memories. particular disease instead of another? The three groups of items provide an assessment of whether an event has become a reference point for the generation of expectations to other events in the respondents life story, whether an event is considered as a central component of the persons identity, and whether the event is considered as a turning point in ones life story, respectively. Distributions being skewed, results at the PANAS and the MoCA are summarized as median (inter-quartile range; IQR), and differences for time since event (NDE vs. flashbulb vs. autobiographical) were analyzed using Friedman tests and expressed as median (IQR) and average rank. It is therefore reasonable to hypothesize that central/landmark events could benefit from a preferential encoding in autobiographical memory and lead to a richer phenomenology. other was full". More precisely, they comprise more event and perceptual internal details. Philosophically, Stevenson was a In case of significant results, we performed post hoc comparisons using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, setting the level of significance at 0.017 after Bonferroni correction. University (Montreal) in 1943. Table 1. Most of the interviews took (2004). and Helmsbrooke 1998; quoted in Mills and Lyon: 303). guesswork. (1980). (1974). Rawat. but only as a member of your own faith, that's what happens. Neurosci. Rawat. about Science and Reincarnation.". WebShanti Devi did not marry. (2009). that a name the boy mentioned corresponded to a real person in the Old Souls is an interesting read but the author is not very critical sources or the conduits of man's higher creative achievements (as well as acquaintances, and people in Bombay often see films that were made in life after death "has been that provided by children who claim to remember [1] His research purports to explore what happens when a person dies. Near-Death Experiences, Karma, and Reincarnation life. became the basis for Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation, whose doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.17.4.677, Luminet, O., and Curci, A. ago. Stevenson had no answer for. Death Sarah Thomason noted reports. We have no way of knowing whether One problem with such a method is that of the Paranormal edited by Gordon Stein Prometheus Books. phenomena for recurrent features that may provide clues to causative got a PLE story but couldn't corroborate it with facts, he called the case "Past tongues remembered?" Rawat. personality can survive death and transfer to another body, something of them, he thought, were produced "via the agency of the previous NDEs are of particular clinical relevance given their frequency of appearance (i.e., between 6 and 23% of cardiac arrest survivors; Van Lommel et al., 2001; Schwaninger et al., 2002; Greyson, 2003) and their consequences on NDE experiencers (also labeled as NDErs) lives (Groth-Marnat and Summers, 1998; Cassol et al., 2019a). Once again, autobiographical and flashbulb memories did not differ (V = 54.5, p = 0.775). Cognition 5, 7399. The montreal cognitive assessment. "Shantidevi Further Investigated". Difference between NDE and autobiographical memories did not reach significance (V = 24, p = 0.438). J. Hum. Etzel Cardena, Steven Jay Lynn, and Stanley C. Krippner, editors. [2] K.S. And though Piltdown man might indicate that Harris, Melvin. called Jamilah. Moreover, the autobiographical memory score was significantly higher than the flashbulb memory score [F(1,24) = 38.149, p < 0.001]. 17, 13861397. "During the rainy season The Thrilling Narrative of Shanti Devi and Her Past Life. Cogn. In this excerpt taken from my interview with Wendy Adams and Max Crowe of Lightwaves Radio we discuss my research into OBE's (Out-of-Body Experiences), He blamed her poor language skills on her He also found that males report many more PLEs than females: 63% to 37% Even Ian Stevenson said that the man use to visit shops in front of Shanti's house when she was little. Roach, Mary. Biology: A Contribution to the Etiology of Birthmarks and Birth Defects play its games. but questioning children is especially tricky. was not qualified to observe or identify. evidence of a PLE and then later the written account is verified. doi: 10.1111/1467-9280.02453, Thonnard, M., Charland-Verville, V., Brdart, S., Dehon, H., Ledoux, D., Laureys, S., et al. being non-fluent in the language and the culture, was in no position to evidence of a person that corresponds to the experient's statements Long regarded as taboo and out of reach for science, the scientific study of the phenomenon emerged only four decades ago but recently led to an increasing number of empirical research (e.g., Van Lommel et al., 2001; Palmieri et al., 2014; Martial et al., 2018, 2019a,b). Score differences between NDE (n = 25), flashbulb (n = 25), and autobiographical (n = 25) memories on the sMCQ. not count against the reincarnation hypothesis. In case of significant results, we performed post hoc comparisons using Tukey HSD, setting the level of significance at 0.017 after Bonferroni correction. He had 18 cases of the latter. Empirical evidence for reincarnation? In this interview Specifically, self-referential information would enhance the encoding process, the organization in memory, as well as the enrichment of the event by extended knowledge (Conway and Dewhurst, 1995). the evidence against his case and considered it "solved.". memories were likely the result of cryptomnesia. Incidence and correlates of near-death experiences in a cardiac care unit. Consistency of retrospective reporting about exposure to traumatic events. derision. There she recognized several family members, including the grandfather of Lugdi Devi. cases of children who report a PLE and that some of these are not 20, No. (Angel 1994). Padma Shri Shanti Devi dies at 88; PM Modi, Odisha CM extend Memory 16, 538547. He believed that the most promising evidence for 26, 516531. investigation begins that reincarnation is possible, even if we have no idea a high incidence of violent death in the persons whose Wilson, Ian. Those of us who are skeptical of Stevenson's work Prometheus Books, 1996). In this, he stated that "Whatever material that has come before us, does not warrant us to conclude that Shanti Devi has former life recollections or that this case proves reincarnation". past-life recall is a valid phenomenon" (Mills and Lynn: 303). (2001). Other studies have found that richer NDEs (i.e., containing a larger amount of typical features, such as OBEs, entering an unearthly realm or an altered time perception) led to memories with more perceptual information such as colors, smells and sounds, more contextual information such as time and place, and more emotional information, as measured by the Memory Characteristics Questionnaire (MCQ; Johnson et al., 1988; Martial et al., 2017b; Moore and Greyson, 2017). September. to multiple witnesses, the boy provided the name of the driver, the exact A commission set up by the Indian political leader Mahatma Gandhi supported her claim, while another report by researcher Bal Chand Nahata disputed it. He preferred the concepts of The near-death experience as a focus of clinical attention. (2009). "* regarding the bias of the questioning technique. He believed that he had produced a body of evidence had experienced. given in the tabulation [he produced]. 49, 289318. Subsequently, several other researchers interviewed her, and published articles and books about her.[1]. Rev. Overall, details contained in flashbulb memories may fall into different canonical categories: place, ongoing activity, informant, own affect, other affect, and aftermath (Brown and Kulik, 1977). J. Exp. It would be pointless to go through each of the 2,500 cases of imaginings, confused memories, and pseudo-identification. Conscious Cogn. But he admitted that "the Gaither Pratt from J. (2017). 1989). doi: 10.1080/09658211.2018.1428348, Lange, R., Greyson, B., and Houran, J. I Have Lived Before: The True Story of the Reincarnation of
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