Navya, H.K. 4(2), 113121 (2015), B. Kumar et al., In vitro evaluation of silver nanoparticles cytotoxicity on Hepatic cancer (Hep-G2) cell line and their antioxidant activity: green approach for fabrication and application. Eur. Biomolecule incorporation and conjugation methods will assist equally in development of well-controlled drug delivery systems, filling in shortcomings one system presents. Mater. Furthermore, the manufacturing of nanomedicine products for commercialization is a key obstacle, as large scale-production is technically challenging. by V. Kumar, N. Dasgupta, S. Ranjan (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2018), pp. The physicochemical properties of nanomaterials affect the adhesion to cells, their interaction, and accumulation which leads to therapeutic or toxic effects [23, 100, 101]. The smart design and synthesis of a library of nanomaterials, precise control over their physicochemical properties and ease of their surface functionalization to increase specificity is indeed necessary for the success of cancer nanotherapeutics. The nanoparticle drug delivery system is particular and utilizes tumor and tumor environment characteristics. Acad. Int. 509(1), 168177 (2016), A. Kumari, S.K. Environ. J. Eng. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have emerged as theranostic nanoparticles providing a means to address the unmet clinical challenges in the treatment of cancer by imaging drug delivery and tumor response [153,154,155,156,157]. Carbohyd. Process Biochem. Moreover, for nanomaterials that do extravasate by crossing the vasculature, deeper penetration to tumor site is impeded by the interstitial tumor matrix. Interestingly, there was a significant tumor growth inhibition in the treatment group with doxorubicin-loaded lactoferrin-PLS of HepG2 tumors when compared to only doxorubicin-loaded PLS and free doxorubicin, with no significant change in the body weight observed as shown in Fig. Nanomedicine and nanotoxicology: the pros and cons for 12, 77637776 (2017), Y. Li et al., Polyethylenimine-functionalized silver nanoparticle-based co-delivery of paclitaxel to induce HepG2 cell apoptosis. Terms and Conditions, Release 277, 89101 (2018), Y.J. These studies do raise concerns about how an appropriate optimization of targeting moieties, conjugation approaches and densities play an essential role in the desired outcomes of the therapeutic nanosystems. There are two categories of nanosystems, open-loop control systems and closed-loop control systems, grouped according to what activation factors stimulate drug release as schematically shown in Fig. Res. 517(1), 157167 (2017), M. Ghaffari et al., Surface functionalized dendrimers as controlled-release delivery nanosystems for tumor targeting. The site is secure. Biogenic Ag nanoparticles can be employed against prostate and colon cancer. Cyclodextrin-Based Polymeric Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Therapy. Specifically, cationic magnetic nanoparticles are retained by the cells for extended period, inducing no cytotoxicity [116]. It is accompanied by a brief description of new nanotechnology methods for diagnosis. Theranostics 8(3), 693709 (2018), G. Wang et al., Theranostic hyaluronic acid-iron micellar nanoparticles for magnetic-field-enhanced in vivo cancer chemotherapy. J. Clin. Despite the numerous advantages of the nano-based cancer therapeutics, clinical translation of these nanomedicines remains to be a challenging mission. Eur. have demonstrated that the internalization of magnetic nanoparticles inside HeLa cells is dependent on the nanoparticle surface charge and incubation time. Navya et al., Single step formation of biocompatible bimetallic alloy nanoparticles of gold and silver using isonicotinylhydrazide. Nanotherapeutics are IET Nanobiotechnol. These structures can be produced by using macromolecules such as polyamide amine (PAMAM), polypropyleneimine and poly(aryl ether). Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Normally, given the complexity of nanoparticles administration routes and undesirable interactions with non-specific molecules within the organisms, the difference in the nanoparticles affinity towards cancerous and normal cells would not be sufficient for high specificity and efficient delivery to the target site required for wide utility for biomedical applications. Cancer; Cellular targeting; Chemotherapy; Cryosurgery; Multidrug resistance; Nanoparticles; Scale-up. Recently, a theranostic nanoparticle to enhance intra-tumoral drug delivery by overcoming drug resistance and providing image-guided drug delivery by reducing the systemic toxicity was developed using iron oxide nanoparticles. These are responsive to pH, temperature, enzyme, light, the concentration of glutathione [283]. Int. Res. A Transmission electron micrographs of Au nanoparticles displaying 13nm spheres, 50nm spheres and 40nm stars; B cellular uptake kinetics of Au nanoparticles-siRNA constructs by cells showing size and shape dependent uptake; C transmission electron images illustrating the process of cellular uptake after treatment with 0.5nM of Au nanoparticles-siRNA constructs for 24h. The vesicle membranes disrupted by the treatment with 50nm spheres is signified by orange arrows, and the nanoconstructs distributed outside the vesicles is represented by yellow arrows. Mater. Combination therapy has been demonstrated to be effective and has substantial evidence showing that synergistic effects that are superior to the totality of the therapeutic consequences of the individual drug [238,239,240]. From the above discussion, it is evident that dendrimers are nanoplatforms which can be tuned for therapeutic applications, and show great promise in the treatment of various cancers. In a related study, to treat the multidrug resistant cancer cells with elevated Bcl-2 levels, Xu et al. Advantage and Disadvantage in Drug Delivery Systems - ResearchGate Cho et al., Understanding the role of surface charges in cellular adsorption versus internalization by selectively removing gold nanoparticles on the cell surface with a I2/KI Etchant. Thus, it is fundamental to engineer the nanomaterials to maximize their utility in biomedical applications. 8c, the cell viability of various formulations was investigated on a rat C6 glioma cell line at different temozolomide concentrations. Nanomaterials used in cancer therapy can be classified into several main . J. Nanomed. A pH sensitive nanoplatform can generate heat, following light absorption upon irradiation with near-IR (NIR) light and due to the toxicity of DOX, offering a potential multimodal nanomedicine for efficient cancer treatment [199]. This category of nanomaterials forms a significant fraction of current drug delivery systems due to their precise control of size and shape, tuneable physicochemical properties, controlled surface chemistry and diverse multifunctionality. The ensuing section discusses major physicochemical properties of nanomaterials and their design considerations for therapeutic and diagnostic applications. The in vitro cytotoxicity studies revealed that doxorubicin formulations had increased antiproliferative effect and was time and dose-dependent as depicted in Fig. Surface modified polylactic acid (PLA) nanoparticles have been reported and employed for delivery of docetaxel (DTX) as a targeted drug delivery system for the treatment of liver cancer. Polym. J. Pharm. Colloids Surf. A summary of different organic nanomaterials used as drug delivery carrier for anticancer drugs and the targets is shown in Table3. However, most of the research is limited to in vivo and in vitro studies, and the number of approved nanodrugs has not much amplified over the years. J. Macromol. Natl. J. Pharm. 111, 11061115 (2018), L. Ansari et al., Improved anticancer efficacy of epirubicin by magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticles: in vitro and in vivo studies. have demonstrated increased cell membrane permeability by hyperthermia from multi-walled carbon nanotube, thereby enhancing drug delivery to tumor targets [201]. Ghaffari et al., Functionalization of ZnO nanoparticles by 3-mercaptopropionic acid for aqueous curcumin delivery: synthesis, characterization, and anticancer assessment. The efficient delivery of nanomaterials to the target tissues can be classified as passive and active targeting, as discussed below. There was 29-fold increase in therapeutic efficacy of the nanocarrier during the combination therapy when compared to control. Slowing, B.G. Daima, Contemporary developments in nanobiotechnology: applications, toxicity, sustainability and future perspective, in Nanobiotechnology: human health and the environment, ed. 131(4), 13601361 (2009), S.S. Agasti et al., Photoregulated release of caged anticancer drugs from gold nanoparticles. Ed. J. Colloid Interface Sci. The cytotoxicity of doxorubicin-loaded mesoporous silica nanomaterials toward cancer cells overexpressing CD44 receptor was enhanced with IC50 of 0.56g/mL whereas; the normal cells showed lower cytotoxicity with the IC50of 1.03g/mL [225]. In one of the recent reports the drug release and stability of pH-sensitive Au nanoparticles loaded with 5-fluorouracil capped with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) was achieved by incorporating into gel and cream bases [142]. Nano Res. Since tumor blood flow is low compared to observed in other organs and bodily tissues, the increased affinity based on the ligands cannot compensate for the clearance processes [32]. Pharm. Control. Recent studies have demonstrated that size and shape of the gold (Au) nanoparticles influence thetransfection efficiency of small interfering RNA (siRNA). The in vivo antitumor effect of galactosylated graphene oxide was better than the chitosan graphene oxide, which was demonstrated by tumor weight and volume [216]. eCollection 2023. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2 [29]. J. Nanomed. Classification of NP synthesis a top-down and b bottom-up approaches, Pictorial representation of active cellular, Pictorial representation of active cellular targeting, Various types of nanomaterials used in cancer therapy, Diagrammatic representation of NPs in cryosurgery, MeSH Bioconjug. Colloids Surf. government site. Careers. Release 133(1), 23 (2009), Article Soc. Nanotechnol. Several researchers have demonstrated that half-generation dendrimers exhibit lower toxicity than the full generation of polyamide amine [277,278,279]. 9. Gao et al. However, limitations such as lack of specificity, cytotoxicity, and multi-drug resistance pose a substantial challenge for favorable cancer treatment. Hillier et al., Preclinical evaluation of novel glutamate-urea-lysine analogues that target prostate-specific membrane antigen as molecular imaging pharmaceuticals for prostate cancer. J. Photochem. Upon intravenous administration of nanoparticles into patient-derived xenograft (PDX) prototype of pancreatic cancer, exceptional tumor targeting and penetration was obtained. Biotechnol. 11, 31593166 (2016), P.-C. Liang et al., Doxorubicin-modified magnetic nanoparticles as a drug delivery system for magnetic resonance imaging-monitoring magnet-enhancing tumor chemotherapy. 359(17), 1834 (2008), X. Li et al., Enhancement of cell recognition in vitro by dual-ligand cancer targeting gold nanoparticles. The advent of nanotechnology has revolutionized the arena of cancer diagnosis and treatment. Mater. The nanosystems exhibited higher internalization degree into human osteosarcoma cells and induced almost 100% osteosarcoma cell death with a low doxorubicin loading of 2.5g/mL. Chithrani, A.A. Ghazani, W.C.W. Biomaterials 35(18), 49864995 (2014), L. Guo et al., Prostate cancer targeted multifunctionalized graphene oxide for magnetic resonance imaging and drug delivery. Pharmacother. Chem. Mater. Chan, Determining the size and shape dependence of gold nanoparticle uptake into mammalian cells. pp. Control. Formulations have been approved for the treatment of Kaposis sarcoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, multiple myeloma and metastatic breast cancer including Doxil, Myocet, DaunoXome, DepoCyte, Lipoplatin. 28(6), 17911800 (2017), K. Huang et al., Size-dependent localization and penetration of ultrasmall gold nanoparticles in cancer cells, multicellular spheroids, and tumors in vivo. National Library of Medicine Nanomedicine 5(10), 15351546 (2010), T. Feng et al., Charge-convertible carbon dots for imaging-guided drug delivery with enhanced in vivo cancer therapeutic efficiency. Brown et al., Gold nanoparticles for the improved anticancer drug delivery of the active component of oxaliplatin. J. Pharm. 5(10), 2104721054 (2018), L. Zhang, Y. Li, C.Y. Nanoparticles (1-100 nm) can be used to treat cancer due to their specific advantages such as biocompatibility, reduced toxicity, more excellent stability, enhanced permeability and retention effect, and precise targeting. ACS Bio Med Chem Au. Various nanoformulations including polymeric, liposomes, and lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles have already been proposed to improve the biodistribution and targeting capabilities . J. Nanomed. 105, 228241 (2016), O. Akhavan et al., The use of a glucose-reduced graphene oxide suspension for photothermal cancer therapy.
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