Over the history of the planet, most of the species that ever existed evolved and then gradually went extinct. Globalclimate changethe latest rise in the averagetemperaturearound the globe, linked to human activityis also a factor. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16065. This would in turn mean increased vulnerability to droughts, decreased water availability, reduced crop yields and increased disease transmission (e.g., malaria) (Huang, Yu, Dai, Wei, & Kang, 2017), (UNCCD, 2017). In the long term, populations of Central Asian countries are likely to suffer from the severe consequences of land degradation, desertification and food security issues imposed by climate change if no immediate actions for adaptation and mitigation are taken. Biodiversity refers to every living thing, including plants, bacteria, animals, and humans. Pretend you're taking a look at the species biodiversity within a local pond. As part of the Aichi Biodiversity Target 11, to which Uzbekistan has committed (CBD-UNDP, 2021), protected areas highly contribute to achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Conserv Biol 33:812820. To distinguish NbS from other conservation actions, IUCN specifies seven societal challenges, at least one of which needs to be addressed. The relative cost-efficiency of NbS (Bonn, Allott, Evans, Joosten, & Stoneman, 2016), (Girardin, et al., 2021) has led to their increased popularity recently.NbS offer quite a range of benefits (Seddon, et al., 2020), (Girardin, et al., 2021), including biodiversity conservation, ecosystem restoration, climate change mitigation and adaptation.As drylands around the world are projected to . 2021. For example, species with high genetic diversity and many populations that are adapted to a wide variety of conditions are more likely to be able to weather disturbances, disease, and climate change. But when biodiversity is reduced, this is impossible. The term nature-based solutions (NbS) reportedly emerged in the late 2000s in connection with the CBDs ecosystem approach method (Cohen-Shacham, et al., 2019), (Agol, Reid, Crick, & Wendo, 2021). Identifying and understanding the relationships between all the life on Earth are some of the greatest challenges in science. While Earths biodiversity is so rich that many species have yet to be discovered, many species are being threatened with extinction due to human activities, putting the Earths magnificent biodiversity at risk. Losses of intact ecosystems have occurred primarily in the tropics, home to the highest levels of biodiversity on the planet. However, it is worth underlining that the effectiveness of protected/conserved areas cannot be equated to their existence only, management is a key to ensuring both environmental and societal benefits are gained to qualify to be considered as a NbS. Ecosystems with a lot of biodiversity are generally stronger and more resistant to disaster than those with fewer species. Types and benefits of nature-based solutions identifiedboth for dryland ecosystems in general, and for the Aral Sea region specificallywere compiled into Table 1 based on the functions they perform in improving ecosystem service provision, and/or providing benefits for humans and increasing well-being. High niche diversity refers to the presence of multiple traits in the same or different species, which is a characteristic of ecosystems with a high biodiversity. Wetland restoration in the Aral Sea basin has a number of benefits both for the people and the biodiversity, and yet requires critical evaluation in terms of costs (e.g., water diversion, financial investments, sustainability, self-sustainment and etc.) You cannot download interactives. Wetlands in the Aral Sea basin are reported to be unstable in terms of their hydrological regimes and are highly dependent on the water inflow, which in turn defines their salinity levels and ability to support native biodiversity (Schlter, et al., 2013). versus benefits (e.g., fisheries development, biodiversity restoration, income opportunities and etc.). Biodiversity is a term used to describe the enormous variety of life on Earth. Nearly half of the Asian continent is covered by drylands, which contributes to an estimated 34% of the worlds drylands. If we wait a while, we might be able to spot a garter snake, a bullfrog, or maybe a red-winged blackbird. Many national parks, such as Glacier National Park in the U.S. state of Montana, protect biodiversity within the park by restricting extractive activities, such asmininganddrilling.Marine protected areas (MPAs) have been established to preserve sea life. - 208.89.96.71. The non-systematic review primarily focused on the grey literature (i.e., the IUCN handbooks and guidance, as well as the UN resolution papers). The Cape Floristic Region in South Africa is home to about 6,200 plant species found nowhere else in the world. There were a few publications that mentioned the Aral Sea basin and Central Asia in the literature without country-specific information or a case study. However, to date there has been no focused and systematic review of the application of NbS in drylands, despite their importance. . https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13280, Taillardat P, Thompson BS, Garneau M, Trottier K, Friess DA (2020) Climate change mitigation potential of wetlands and the cost-effectiveness of their restoration. Uzbekistan currently has three wetlands included in the list of Wetlands of international importance (The Ramsar Convention Seceretariat. The system is dynamic and thus offers a wide range of species. From Borneo to the Andes and pole to pole, Earths plants and animals cling to dwindling habitat and edge closer to extinctiona global biodiversity crisis crying out for action. Some human activities have indirect but wide-reaching effects on biodiversity as well, including climate change and pollution. The chart shows information about four ecosystems. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.07.012, Toderich KN, Shuyskaya EV, Rajabov TF, Ismail S, Shaumarov M, Yoshiko K, Li EV (2013a) Uzbekistan: Rehabilitation of desert rangelands affected by salinity, to improve food security, combat desertification and maintain the natural resource base. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. C. Ecosystems with more species diversity are more likely to recover after a disturbance than ecosystems with low species diversity. As large-scale afforestation of the former Aral seabed is planned to continue through 2030, as stipulated by the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of UzbekistanFootnote 2, there is at the very least a need for planning and monitoring, as well as selection of native species to ensure afforestation success. (2022b, April 17). Hence, nature-based solutions can be more broadly categorized as managed interventions to restore the environment or ecosystems specifically, by eventually having a positive impact on the local communities. Prvlie R (2016) Drylands extent and environmental issues. A. A final set of 106 papers were retained and read in their entirety. The potential for rangelands to provide a basis for NbSgiven that they are one of the major potential carbon sinks in dryland areas such as the Aral Sea basinrequires detailed further research. Desertification of rangelands in the study area has been ongoing due to the misuse of resources (mainly overgrazing), oil and gas exploration, climatic factors (reduced precipitation and droughts), overharvesting of fuel wood, unsustainable agricultural activities (Jiang, Jiapaer, Bao, Guo, & Ndayisaba, 2017), (Toderich, et al., 2013a), (Shaumarov, et al., 2012). The water consumption associated with afforestation is another issue that needs to be further evaluated (Tew, Vanguelova, & Sutherland, 2021), (Yao, Fu, Liu, Wang, & Song, 2021), (An, Chang, Han, Khamzina, & Son, 2020), as there is a high threat of depleting groundwater resources in dry areas through afforestation (Kumar, Khamzina, Knfel, Lamers, & Tischbein, 2021), (Zhang, Sun, Huettmann, & Liu, 2022). Scientists are interested in how much biodiversity there is on a global scale, given that there is still so much biodiversity to discover. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6652-5_13, Toderich KN, Shuyskaya EV, Taha FK, Matsuo N, Ismail S, Aralova DB, Radjabov TF (2013b) Integrating agroforestry and pastures for soil salinity management in dryland ecosystems in Aral Sea basin. However, only around 1.2 million species have been identified and described so far, most of which are insects. Areas with high numbers of endemic species are called biodiversity hotspots. It can be studied on many levels. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/LTD/N21/115/89/pdf/N2111589.pdf? Some of these genes are the same for all individuals within a speciestheyre what make a daisy a daisy and a dog a dog. Geol Ecol Landscap. The Standard stipulates that for an approach to be considered as NbS it is imperative for it to provide simultaneous benefits to biodiversity and human well-being (IUCN, 2020). J Arid Environ 73:963977. All organisms that can reproduce with each other fall into one species. The continent of Africa is home to tropical rainforests, alpine mountains, and dry deserts. Right now, about 13 percent of the United States is permanently protected and managed primarily for biodiversity, according to the United States Geological Survey. x Review of Nature-based Solutions in Dryland Ecosystems: the Aral Sea Case Study. They have been seen as a sustainable tool for the provision of benefits both for the environment and for society, which synergizes conservation efforts. Stein, Bruce A., Lynn S. Kutner and Jonathan S. Adams. Besides, wetlands perform multiple other ecosystem services such as disaster risk reduction (e.g., they can function as fire breaks), enhancement of food security, and biodiversity conservation (Belle, Collins, & Jordaan, 2018). Sources The review has not returned specific rangeland rehabilitation methods or success stories in the Aral Sea basin. The research, published in the journal Ecological Applications, and the related maps were a partnership between NatureServe and its network of state partners, the geographic mapping platform Esri, and the Nature Conservancy. PubMedGoogle Scholar. The most common cases of ecosystem-based approaches (Cohen-Shacham, et al., 2019), an alternative to NbS suggested widely in the literature reviewed, appeared to be afforestation, agroforestry and wetland restoration with the prevailing number of studies originating from China (Fig. If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. To submit a letter to the editor for publication, write to, This Map Shows Where Biodiversity Is Most at Risk in America. Areas permanently protected for biodiversity. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.03.015, Bakirov NJ, Khamzaev AK, Novitskiy, ZB (2020) FOREST PLANTATIONS ON THE DRAINED BOTTOM OF THE ARAL SEA. Ecosystems include deserts, grasslands, and rainforests. All of the Earths species work together to survive and maintain their ecosystems. Biosyst Eng 81:334. Hence option B is correct. A groundbreaking bipartisan bill aims to address the looming wildlife crisis before it's too late, while creating sorely needed jobs. Along with a newly formed desert ecosystem, the desiccation has brought about a number of environmental, social and economic challenges to the region, impacting millions of people residing in the Aral Sea basin (Lemly, Kingsford, & Thompson, 2000). Inland Waters 11:445456. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to systematically review nature-based solutions in dryland ecosystems, and certainly the first with a specific geographic focus on the Aral Sea region of Uzbekistan as a case study. (Li, Chen, Zhang, & Pan, 2019), the decline of ecosystem service value in Karakalpakstan (including those of grasslands) was the highest among all researched areas in Central Asia; a trend which seems likely to continue. Agrofor Syst 66:129141. Theroot systemof plants helps prevent flooding. Success of EBA/NbS projects is quite difficult to evaluate, which is why it is essential to document every evidence (Mills, et al., 2020). These are: marine (or saltwater), freshwater and those that are both. It is clear that deeper research is needed in terms of the impact these ecosystem changes might have in the long term, as well as their self-sustaining capacities, and the timespan it takes to balance out the investments and the potential benefits. Considering that the main soil types in the exposed seabed are solonchaks (with high concentration of soluble salts) and takyrs (heavy-textured soils under arid conditions)Footnote 10, that have low organic carbon content (An, Chang, Han, Khamzina, & Son, 2020), monitoring of afforested lands is critical to better examine the impact of tree plantations on soils (An, Chang, Han, Khamzina, & Son, 2020). IUCN has set out a Global Standard for Nature-Based Solutions (IUCN, 2020), which defines eight criteria for addressing societal, economic, and environmental dimensions for NbS design and implementation (Fig. The issues with human-biodiversity interaction in wetlands, where artemia is grown and harvested, sustainability of yields, water availability and its quality yet need to be researched to comply with NbS criteria. (2019) suggest that rewilding, due to its purported environmental and societal benefits, shares similarities with nature-based solutions. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40333-018-0073-3. Information was sourced from two major scientific publication databasesScopus, and Web of Scienceto ensure the most comprehensive capture of articles possible. o adaptive immune system Rewilding should, however, be locally tailored not only within the context of a region or a continent, but also within the context of one single country (Sweeney, et al., 2019), as the number of factors influencing rewilding success may differ spatially. Animals eat plants. If material is not included in the articles Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. 3). It enjoys a high level of biodiversity. UNEP (2022) Draft resolution on nature-based solutions forsupporting sustainable development. Just one small section of the Escambia River, which flows through the Florida Panhandle, is home to two imperiled mussel species, along with a turtle and crayfish also at risk of extinction. Content analysis suggests that the NbS approach has been poorly documented in dryland ecosystems. Hence option B is correct. Sustainability and cost-effectiveness of wetlands restoration in the Aral Sea region of Uzbekistan. Afforestation of irrigated cropland in combination with agroforestry in the Aral Sea basin is recommended by a number of authors (Djalilov, Khamzina, Hornidge, & Lamers, 2016), (Dubovyk, Menz, & Khamzina, 2016), (Khamzina, Lamers, Worbes, Botman, & Vlek, 2006), (Kumar, Khamzina, Knfel, Lamers, & Tischbein, 2021) as a means to reduce soil salinity on degraded agricultural lands, which could be another solution to reduce salinity and improve soil quality of abandoned croplands. Philos Trans R Soc B: Biol Sci 375:20190120. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0120. Wetlands were included as a search term to ensure we captured those that are nested into larger dryland landscapes, including the following inland water bodies: lakes, ponds, and ephemeral wetlands. Sci Total Environ 738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139693, Gmez Martn E, Mez Costa M, Egerer S, Schneider UA (2021) Assessing the long-term effectiveness of Nature-Based Solutions under different climate change scenarios. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Antarctica, covered almost entirely by an ice sheet, has low biodiversity. Today species are going extinct at an accelerated and dangerous rate because of non-natural environmental changes caused by human activities. Part of Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3642, Kumar N, Khamzina A, Knfel P, Lamers JP, Tischbein B (2021) Afforestation of degraded croplands as a watersaving option in irrigated region of the aral sea basin. International Union for Conservation of Nature At first glance, we can identify different plants, including cattails and water lilies. Researchers have estimated that there are between 3 and 30 million species on Earth, with a few studies predicting that there may be more than 100 million species on Earth. The first ecosystem has only three species of trees, and the second ecosystem has over 30 species of trees. 1. 2). Scientists have estimated that there are around 8.7 million species of plants and animals in existence. Based on the information in the chart. This single pixel includes seven species, such as Cockerell's bumble bee, White Mountain false pennyroyal and Sacramento Mountains thistle. https://doi.org/10.1080/15481603.2021.2009232. Tropical forests are widely considered to have the greatest species diversity of the terrestrial biomes but diversity is also high in the temperate deciduous biome and Low species diversity : The tundra biome has the least biodiversity, but the northern coniferous biome also has low species diversity.
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